Different types of corporate governance structures in market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3913 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Corporate governance structures today in most market based economies apply the separation of ownership from control model in large corporations and firms. This can be said to occur where ownership has been progressively diluted from complete ownership to minority control (Clarke, 2007). Much of this concept, particularly with regard to large corporations, directly results in an agency relationship between the owners (shareholders) and the controllers (managers) and it is from this concept that the agency theory in corporate governance arises. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different types of corporate governance structures in market" essay for you Create order The practical reality today is that even smaller companies employ this same model in order to improve their efficiency as more shareholders (owners) prefer to engage others to run their businesses not on the basis of filial relationship but on the strength of qualifications, competence and experience although they usually retain ultimate control. Needless to say, there are inherent problems and challenges that also arise as a result of this sort of relationship. The most significant being the ultimate divergence of interest between the principal the agent as the latter may not always act in the best interest of the former or may only act partially in that interest (Mallin, 2010). Indeed a substantial and significant amount of literature has been developed in the agency theory in corporate governance and it has not been without its criticisms. While some contemporary assessments of corporate governance today note that this diffused ownership model (separation of control from ownership ) was to a larger extent, a purely Anglo-Saxon phenomenon which does not necessarily reflect the governance system of corporations in other parts of the world (Coffee, 2000), others have criticised the agency theory as over-simplifying the intricacies of corporate governance by reducing its scope to merely a term of contracts between principal and agents (Tricker, 2009). This essay will attempt to critically analyse some of the more relevant literature with the aim of first of all exposing the rationale behind the emergence and development of the separation of ownership from control, and how instrumental it has now become in ensuring proper corporate governance framework in todays global economy. In doing so, there will be extensive discussions on the agency theory in corporate governance in a bid to highlight the common problems and challenges that are inherent in this theory and identify ways by which these problems may be mitigated. The emergence of agency relationship in corporations: Separation of ownership from control. There exists a general consensus by academics and practitioners alike that market development and the era of industrialisation in the early to mid 19th century brought about a diffusion of ownership in many large corporations as individual or family owners were unable to, on their own, provide adequate capital to match and sustain the expansion of their businesses. The resultant implication of this situation, as identified by Berle and Means (1932) was the separation of ownership from control. They described this diffusion of ownership as the dissolution of the old atom of ownership into its component parts: beneficial ownership and control. Sorenson (1974) opines that this steady separation of ownership from control can be directly linked to the growth of corporate capitalism. It therefore followed that as the number of shareholders increased, their influence and corporate control progressively diminished leaving control in the hands of what has now developed into extensive salaried managerial hierarchies; professional managers (Dignam Galanis, 2009). This heralded the origin of the agency relationship between the parties and it is within the context of separation of ownership from control and this agency relationship between the parties that the agency theory in corporate governance was developed. This diffusion of ownership was however subject to a precondition that the shareholders retained ultimate control so as to protect them from stealth raiders with this protection formalised by statute (Coffee, 2000). Agency Theory Jensen and Meckling (1976) explained the theory of the agency relationship as a contract under which one party (the principal) engages another party (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf. In order to achieve this, the principal will delegate some decision-making authority to the agent. Thus the agency theory sees the corporation as a nexus of contracts which are constantly re-negotiated by individuals each aiming to maximise his own utility (Alchian and Demsetz, 1972). This notion of a multiplicity of constantly renegotiated contracts is borne out of the fact that it would be practically impossible to have a single contract with the capacity to holistically capture interests of both the principal and the agent (Mallin, 2010:17). The agency theory in corporate governance is a particularly dominant governance structure employed in large corporations and firms particularly in advanced economies like the UK, the US and in most other common law countries. Mallin (2010) posited that unlike countries that operate under a civil law system and are restricted by legal codes/rules which are merely administered without the flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances, the common law jurisdictions operate a legal system that consists an independent judicial system that employs the doctrine of judicial precedents with heavy reliance on case law and other legal principles that have afforded them the opportunity to make significant advancements and develop the codification of various laws/rules/principles that have over time, increased the level of protection for minority shareholders thereby encouraging a more diversified shareholder base within those jurisdictions. Dilemma of the agency theory The inherent dilemma within the agency theory was identified as far back as the 18th century. According to Smith (1838), the directors of companies however being the managers of other peoples money than of their own, it cannot well be expected that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance as they would their own. This quotation simply summarises the problem with the agency theory. Tricker (2009) further notes that the real challenge is ensuring that the agent acts solely in the interest of the principal. However, these agency problems arise largely due to the impossibility of contemplating for every future action of an agent, whose decisions are sure to affect both his own welfare and the welfare of the principal (Brennan, 1995). It is at this point that we can clearly point out the divergence of interests between the principal and his agent as they both aim to maximise their respective aspirations. It is given that an agent will act with rational self interest and cannot be expected to act in the interest of the shareholders thus the need for them to be monitored to ensure that the interest of the principal is best served (Calder, 2008). In a sense, it is safe to assume that an agent will not act in the best interest of the principal and such matters in which he may display self interest may include a situation where an agent misuses his delegated authority for pecuniary advantage by remunerating himself disproportionately to his performance, taking hazardous and uncontrolled corporate risk or on the other hand refusing to take certain risks as both principal and agent may have developed different attitudes to risk in line with their respective interests. Thus certain corporate governance mechanisms for example, the board of directors, is seen as an institutional instrument of control and an essential monitoring device in corporate governance to ensure that the conflicts brought about by this divergence of interest between the shareholder and the managers (principal and agent) are kept to the barest minimum. Other mechanisms by which this divergence of interest is minimised include an assortment of codified rules both domestic, regional and international which seek to regulate transparency, disclosure, accountability etc. discussed later on in the essay. In identifying the inherent problems within this concept, it is also important to identify where this conflict arises within the context of the firm. Although there are various instances where a conflict between the parties may present itself, McColgan (2001) has been able to identify 4 key areas where extensive theoretical and empirical research has been conducted, from which these agency conflicts emanate. He has identified these areas as moral hazard conflicts, earnings retention conflicts, risk aversion conflicts and time-horizon conflicts. Moral hazard conflict as proposed by (Jensen) follows the notion that as the ownership stake of a manager decreases within a company, it raises the tendency to increase consumption of perquisites. This mainly applies to large corporations with dispersed ownership with an insignificant amount of the company shareholding held by the manager(s). According to Shleifer and Vishny (1989), a manager may, instead of objectively selecting investments or projects to be undertaken by the company, this selection may be done with a leaning towards areas directly aligned with the managers skill set. This increases his value to the company and vice versa and allows room for increased demands on remuneration. Another factor that may be responsible for the risk of moral hazard conflict is cash flow as Jensen (1986) is of the opinion that high cash flow level will also increase the likelihood of moral hazard as managers who are under no immediate obligation to make investments are more likely to incre ase consumption of perquisites due to the added difficulty in supervising corporate expenditure. A lack of managerial effort also applies here because the smaller the equity held by a manager, the more his motivation to work will dissipate and this is detrimental to company value. The earning retention hazard moves the focus away from one of aversion of effort as argued by (Brennan, 1995b) or lack of motivation or objective investment as espoused by the moral hazard conflict theory but instead sees the source of conflict in this case as resulting from the preference of managers to retain earnings for driving growth rather than cash distributions which is preferred by shareholders. A relative association has been determined connecting the size and a company and the compensation of managers thus creating an inducement for managers to focus on size growth and neglect growth in term of returns to shareholders. A third area identified as a potential originator of conflict is one related to timing. In general, shareholders are more concerned with the companys performance in terms of cash flow as projected into an indefinite future as opposed to managers who are seemingly only interested in cash flow projections for the period of their employment or contract. As a direct result of this, the managers have an inclination to engage in mostly short term projects at the expense of long-term projects. The problem becomes more visible in the build up to when the senior management personnel draw nearer to their disengagement or retirement. A typical example is the significant decline in research and development involvement which is a long term investment that usually has a negative impact on management compensation. A study by Dechow and Sloan (1991) indicate that there is a decline in this sort of investments as top management reach disengagement and explains their findings to be linked to the fact that the manager will not be available to partake in the benefits of such investments. Risk aversion conflicts arise as a result of managers being overly cautious of involving in projects that may put their self interest at risk. The Costs of Agency As explained in preceding paragraphs, the agency theory proposes that as a result of widely dispersed shareholdings, the stockholders are left with no choice but to delegate executive and other decision making authority to professional managers hired for purpose. However, these managers have a tendency to pursue their own interests which conflict with those of the stockholders who are more interested in avoiding firm specific risks. This conflict or divergence of interest most times results in the owners taking out certain measures to minimise the effect of this conflict. The costs of providing these checks and balances to ensure that managers do not abuse their authority or even the costs of managers allocating to themselves excessive perquisites at the expense of shareholders and the cost of monitoring and dealing with any such infraction can all be classified as equity agency costs. As succinctly put by McColgan (2001), Agency costs can be seen as the value loss to shareholders, a rising from divergences of interests between shareholders and managers. Agency costs are a sum of various parts and as posited by Jenson and Meckling (1976), monitoring costs, bonding costs and the cost of residual loss are the sum parts of this cost. I will further expatiate on these three sub groups as in my opinion, they satisfactorily cover the main heads under which agency costs are incurred. Monitoring Costs Where a principal delegates decision making authority, particularly executive or financial, to his agent it is important that there a mechanisms in place to check any excessiveness, misuse of authority or bad decision making. In other words, the agent is monitored. These monitoring costs are thus, the expenses incurred by the principal in the process of evaluating, examining and even managing an agents activities. Such costs may include but are not limited to the cost of conducting regular audits, the cost of developing reporting lines along the hierarchy of managerial staff, sometimes the hiring of external consultants and will even include the cost of disciplining erring managers. The burden of paying these costs is on the principal. However, Fama and Jensen (1983) have submitted that this burden is eventually passed on to the agent as the monitoring costs will have a direct impact on the agents remuneration. Asides these methods mentioned above, there are other self-regulatory mon itoring mechanisms that are imposed by statute. For example, domestic regulations under various sections in part 16, chapters 1 and 2 of the Companies Act UK 2006 stipulate the mandatory requirement for company accounts to be annually audited. Similarly recommendation contained in the Cadbury report of 1992 (reporting and control mechanisms) and the Greenbury (1995) reports on corporate governance are usually also employed. The requirement under the Combined Code 2010 dubbed comply or explain means that a company, in the event of non-compliance must disclose and explain its reasons for not doing so which in itself is capable of attracting to the company sufficient attention from regulatory bodies to provide a certain level of monitoring. Within a corporate structure, probably the most effective monitoring mechanism over the agent (managers) is the board of directors. The board is usually made up of individuals who possess the necessary skill and expertise required to carry out this duty. They must also be properly incentivised. Denis, Denis and Sarin (1997) are of the opinion that for monitoring to be effective, the mechanism employed must prove a formidable challenge to managements control of the company. However these mechanisms must be deployed in such a manner as to strike a perfect balance with regard to the peculiarities of the firms working environment as too much interference or over-monitoring will invariably restrict managerial independence and may have an adverse effect on the companys performance Burkart, Gromb and Panunzi (1997). Bonding Costs. As posited by Fama and Jensen (1983), the notion that agents eventually bear the burden of monitoring costs makes it more likely that they will initiate internal framework to ensure an alignment of interests between the agent and the principal or recompense for any eventual divergence if not. The cost of setting up structures of this nature and implementing them are known as bonding costs. Examples may include developing enhanced marketing strategies towards set profit targets, improved dispersion of information to the principal or even budgetary considerations and expenditure that are in sync with the principals objectives. These costs are borne solely by the agent, but are not always financial as they usually involve a re-alignment of corporate strategy to realise the principals interests. The relationship between monitoring costs and bonding costs are relative as a marginal increase in bonding costs will invariably lead to a marginal reduction in monitoring and its associated cost s. Denis and Kruse (2000) are of the opinion that the optimal bonding contract should aim to entice managers into making all decisions that are in the best interests of the shareholders. This is the most desirable outcome which would lead to a drastic reduction, or even wishfully, an elimination of the agency problem itself. However a more realistic outcome would be that bonding provides a means of making managers actually meet the expectations of shareholders to a certain extent even if not completely. McColgan (2000) remarked on a particularly interesting bonding structure popular in the UK which is imposed upon management; the requirement of closely held companies to distribute all income after allowing for business requirements (declaration and distribution of dividends) and was of the opinion that it presented the problem of retention of earnings in UK companies. He however concluded that the effectiveness of bonding structures may be treated with scepticism as it is a mechanis m utilised at the discretion of management. Residual Loss As we have noted earlier in this essay, it is practically impossible to prepare and guard against all conflicts that may emerge between shareholders and managers, thus the development of the notion that their relationship consists a multiplicity of constantly renegotiated contracts. Therefore, it is an acceptable conclusion that regardless of the outcomes of monitoring and bonding, a divergence of interest between managers and shareholders would still exist and any expenditure made in the resolution of these remaining conflicts are still reflected under the costs of the agency relationship. These remaining costs are known as residual loss. These costs remain because enforcing contracts between the principal and the agent is as mentioned earlier, very costly and in practice; far outweighs the advantages to be achieved from enforcement. It is practically impossible to fully contract for every contingency by way of conflict that may arise as a result of the agency relationship therefore a balance must be struck between over monitoring of management which leads to restricted initiatives, and enforcing contractual mechanisms designed to reduce agency problems in order to achieve the optimal level or residual loss. The Mitigation of Divergence The main challenge arising from this agency problem is how to induce the agent to act in the best interests of the principal or, in the context of corporate governance, how to mitigate the divergence of interest between shareholders and managers. Empirical and theoretical research has shown that a principal can limit the agents divergence from his interest by incurring both monitoring costs; designed to restrict deviant activities of the agent, and bonding costs; designed to ensure the agent does not take any action detrimental to the principal. So in mitigating this divergence, both monitoring and bonding costs are necessarily incurred by the principal. The common solution is usually to provide sufficient incentives for managers that would align their interests with that of the shareholders but it must be noted that asides the advantage of mitigating the clash of interest, this policy carries along with it, a secondary negative effect in the sense that managers would now only look t o the short term benefit they would stand to gain based on the incentives offered them and will not look into engaging in long term projects. This can be detrimental to business activity. There however arises the issue of effectiveness with regard to these mechanisms. The test of effectiveness propagated by Denis and Kruse (2000) is simple and constant in determining the relevance of any of these mechanisms in the context of the corporation and is in two parts. First, does it effectively narrow the gap between the interests of managers and shareholders? Secondly, does it have a significant positive impact on corporate performance and company value? If these two questions are answered in the affirmative then the issue of effectiveness is resolved. There are several different methods that may be employed to mitigate issues of divergence. Here we will focus on three of the more prominent methods that were highlighted by Crutchley and Hansen (1989). The first method is by increasing the managers equity ownership in the firm which would directly result in an alignment of interest between the shareholder and the manager. This method can be particularly effective because where the manager now has an equity stake in the firm; he would share the same expectations as other shareholders thus closing the gap of divergence. Monitoring costs would also be invariably reduced as a direct consequence. This method is however in itself not costless and the increase in a managers equity stake is relative to reduced diversification of his personal wealth and the balance would be an increase in remuneration. The second method proposed to assist in mitigating divergence is to increase dividend payments. This may seem unrealistic and maybe even unrelated to mitigating the divergence of interest but according to Easterbrook (1984) the rationale behind this is that the lower the financial resource available to the managers, the higher the chances of the company having to seek external equity capital. This would entail venturing into the capital market to raise funds either by way of private placement or public offer. In this case, the company would become subject to rules regulating capital market operators and therefore managers would be more closely monitored by relevant stakeholders including prospective or new investors and relevant government agencies like the Securities and Exchange Commission. This increased monitoring would motivate managers who are intent on retaining their positions to redirect their actions to be more in line with the interests of shareholders. Another method of r educing the costs of agency to result in diminishing divergence of interest is the use of debt financing. Jensen and Meckling (1976) indicated the importance of this method by explaining that using more debt finance reduces total equity financing, which has a diminishing effect on the level of the manager-stockholder conflict. In what was referred to as the control hypothesis he submits that by replacing dividend payments with debt issue managers are bound to apply future cash flow to shareholder recipients of this debt in ways otherwise unachievable by dividend payments. The controls are increased in this case because where the agreement to repay principal and interest is not maintained, shareholders reserve the right to initiate insolvency proceedings. Debt financing also reduces the cash resource available to be fritted away at the discretion of the managers. It further enhances efficiency as the constantly looming threat of redress as a result of failure to service debt payments also act as a sufficient motivational tool in making the firm more efficient. In this case the managers are more concerned with policy behaviour that will further the interest of creditors which in turn reduces the likelihood of incurring agency costs. However, debt financing may give rise to certain debt agency costs which may include the cost of contractual protection and insolvency proceedings or bankruptcy. Conclusion In conclusion we have looked at the concept of separation of ownership from control and the notion of an agency relationship that develops as a direct result. The agency theory and its inherent problem being that of an ultimate divergence of interest between the shareholders and managers, the control of which leads to expenditures termed the costs of agency have also been summarily discussed with suggestion proffered to assist in the mitigation of this divergence. It is however a contrasting outcome that despite the existence of a myriad of problems afflicting this agency theory imbibed in the separation of ownership from control, the model still remains very popular within todays modern firms and corporate governance structures. The simple explanation is that popularity of this corporate governance structure can in any case be ascribed to the continuous development of institutional control mechanisms both internal and external which are specifically targeted at resolving or minimisi ng these conflicts as they arise.

CMGT556 Week 1 Individual Assigment Essay - 754 Words

Artificial Intelligence Vita Olmsted CMGT/556 - Enterprise Models June 24, 2014 Jeffrey McDonough Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science, which concentrates on the intelligence of machines, and involves applying the principles of reasoning, knowledge planning, learning, communication, perception, and controlling objects to emulate the human brain. The most recognizable AI application is robotics from Hollywood cinema, and includes films such as; I Robot, Transformers, Wall-e, WarGames, A.I., The Terminator, Robocop, Iron Man, and Star Wars to name a few, which is fictional not an actual representation of AI. Robotics applications is only one of three aspects of AI, which also includes†¦show more content†¦Examples include; Equipment Calibration Help Desk Operations Software Debugging Medical Diagnosis Design/Configuration - Systems that use existing constraints to help configure equipment components (Murugavel, 2014). Examples include; Computer Option Installation Communication Networks Selection/Classification - Systems that help users select options from large or complex sets of alternative (Murugavel, 2014). Examples include; Material Selection Delinquent Account Identification Information Classification Suspect Identification Process Monitoring/Control - Systems that monitors and controls processes or procedures (Murugavel, 2014). Examples include; Machine Control Inventory Control Production Monitoring Chemical Testing Neural Networks Neural networks emulate the human brain’s neurons, which is a mesh-like network of interconnected processing components. This allows the system to process numerous pieces of information at the same time, and can learn to understand patterns within the processes, which it can use to solve related problems on its own. Examples include; Military Weapons Systems Voice Recognition Check Signature Verification Manufacturing Quality Control Image Processing Credit Risk Assessment Investment Forecasting Data Mining

Nickel and Dime, Barbara Ehrenreich free essay sample

In the expo, Nickel and Dime, Barbara Ehrenreich questioned the â€Å"uplifting benefits† of unskilled adults working in a low-wage economy. Ehrenreich’s undercover journalism was her scientific methodology of choice to capture firsthand the experience of poverty in order to prove her theory that it is mathematically impossible for welfare recipients to survive in the low-wage workforce. While following Barbara Ehrenreich journey in â€Å"Nickel and Dimed† I realized how certain aspects of a society can determine economic or personal success. Money and wealth are needed to accomplish many things that make a person powerful. These patterns of inequality structure society into different levels or social strata. Barbara Ehrenreich went out to prove that lower class individuals are struggling due to limited means and social inequality. Ehrenreich’s social-conflict theory implies that society is structured to benefit a few at the expense of the majority. This is the indicator as to why poverty is the factor in keeping the unskilled powerless. We will write a custom essay sample on Nickel and Dime, Barbara Ehrenreich or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, education is the form of power where money is needed to accomplish. Therefore, unskilled adults will never be able to progress in the jobs currently available to them. Barbara Ehrenreich first establish credibility of her knowledge of economic living conditions for poor adults to prove to her audience that she in fact has done her research on this topic. She researched that in 1998 the National Coalition for the Homeless reported that the necessary wage on average nationwide would be $8. 9 in order to afford a one bedroom apartment and that the odds of common welfare recipients landing a job that pays such a â€Å"living wage† were about 97 to 1. Ehrenreich experienced this statistic first hand when she set out job hunting in Key West, Florida where she applied to 20 different jobs, ranging from waiting tables to housekeeping. Though Baraba Ehrenreich shows obvious knowledge of her subject, she does not use substantial logic to her practice nor show instability in her research. Her methodologies and actions were some what unorthodox in practice. This did not seem to be a social experiment that was to recreate a poverty social scenario, that 4 million women were about to be forced experience. Ehrenreich admit that she had several advantages over her fellow co-workers. She used her ability to start off with a starting set of money to set up a job; meaning, that she had already set aside money to provide rent, deposit, and expenses such as food and gas. However, most low wage workers do not have this luxury. They are generally forced to work pay check to pay check and don’t have time to save up to store extra money for later. Ehrenreich’s scientific mathematical theory was flawed by her safety net. Ehrenreich should have presented her evidence topically; for example, she could have interviewed each of the single mother and manager she met along the way. Barbara Ehrenreich’s interaction with her co-workers was her strong points in this expo. They provided factual information on how people who earn a low income wage actually lived, and how troubled their lives actually were.

The Birling family and Gerald Essay Example For Students

The Birling family and Gerald Essay Examine carefully the characters of the Birling family and Gerald, how do they share the characteristics of their class, how do they respond to the inspectors revelations   Mr Birling is a middle class, self-made man. He sees himself as being above all working class citizens in his factory and his employees. He is not jealous of his wife but he does envy her position in social standing, he is also in envoy of Mr Gerald Croft, because he has a knight hood at such a young age, and Mr Birling is only just been considered for one. His wife was born into money and in to a rich household. He is a self-made man which means that he has worked for all that he now owns. He is awaiting knight hood from the queen, which would put his social standing Even higher because it would give him a title, Sir. Gerald Croft was engaged to Mr Birlings Daughter, Sheila. The marriage would combine two of the big companys together, Croft LMT. and Birlings.  When the inspector calls throughout the play the main thing that Mr Birling seems to be worried about is the chance of a public scandal, which would mean that his knight hood could be taken away, and not of the girl. As soon as the inspector enters the dining room Mr Birling tries to show off is influence and power, I was an alderman for years- and lord mayor 2 years ago, im still on the bench So I know the Bromley police officers pretty well.  This is an obvious attempt to intimidate the inspector, The inspector replies to this quite subtly,  Quite so.  This upsets Mr Birling greatly, as he was trying to show power and the inspector ignored him. When the inspector accuses him of knowing Eva, he denies all knowledge of her, but then when he is shown the photo he still denies it to start with. This behaviour by Mr Birling Shows that he would rather lie, and not risk any trouble than to tell the truth. I think that Prestley is trying to show a section of society through Mr Birling.  Mrs Birling is a higher -middle class lady. She was born into a good family and unlike her husband, she was handed every thing that she has from her rich heritage. But she is socially lower than Gerald. She uses her social power against people who are lower than her. When eva came to her for help, it was Mrs Birling who had the power to turn her away and make sure she did not receive any help, and that is what she did.  When the inspector calls she is not in the room but in the living room talking to Sheila about wedding dresses. When she enters the room and sees the inspector she is surprised but not shocked. She acts the same way when she hears the news. This shows us that she doesnt care about any thing much unless it affects her directly.

Lack Of Creativity In Contemporary Bangla Literature And free essay sample

Bangle contemporary novel writers have to add various dimensions in their writing in order to gain more acceptance among the readers Of Bangle literature. C] Contemporary writers need to use more metaphors among their writings and have to use their writings carefully and subtly in order to keep their readers interested. The writers have to assume that the readers are intelligent. This way they will be able to thrive. 3 Chuddar, S. (n. D). Stated that The Bengali novel originated in the nineteenth century as a product of the colonial encounter, though it drew upon a multiplicity of iterate traditions, indigenous as well as foreign. P. 6 ). C] Though those are the criteria of the initial category novels of Bangle, it has evolved very much since then. 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS C] When was the last time they read a Bangle novel? CLC What do they expect from the writers? 0 How do they compare the international literature with the Bangle literature? 5 D What are they aspects they dont like about Bangle C] What do they think about lack of creativity in Bangle 6 HYPOTHESIS 0 The contemporary Bangle literature have many important aspects. We will write a custom essay sample on Lack Of Creativity In Contemporary Bangla Literature And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once a lot of creativity were hon. by the Bangle novel writers. But now we can see lot of clicks and predictability among the writers.C] From my research, expect to find that the writers are not getting enough motivations for writing Bangle 7 D think new writers cannot be found in contemporary Bangle literature due to the economic hardship the writers have to bear and endure. 1 also think that too much exposure to technology is killing the appetite for literature in youth. C] I also think that this situation can be changed with the necessary steps from the people related with Bangle 8 Number of respondents (20) . The last time the participants of the survey read a Bangle novel 12 10 25% 15% 5% A. Thin a month B. Before one month C. Within a year D. Cannot remember 55% people cannot remember when was the last time they read a Bangle novel. 80% of the respondents of the survey havent read a Bangle novel within a month. 9 2. Category of a contemporary Bangle novelist of the current era A. D. Creative, B. C. Mediocre, 3, 15% predictable, A. Weak predictable C. Mediocre D. Creative 70% of the respondents have a negative attitude toward a contemporary writer Of the current era. Only 30% of the respondents think that the contemporary writers of the current era are creative.

Free Essays on Informative Speech Objectives

Objectives: 1. Develop an Informative speech topic. 2. Develop and Apply effective research and organizational skills in preparing a speech. 3. Analyze your Audience and adapt your message to your audience 4. Develop and Effectively use a Visual Aid to assist you in clarifying and supporting your ideas. 5. Practice delivery and presentation skills. 6. Inform, teach, and create understanding in your audience. This speech is an informative presentation. Your goal is to inform and teach your audience about your topic. Focus on one type of informative speech: OBJECTS, EVENTS, CONCEPTS, OR A PROCESS. First and foremost select a topic that is interesting to you. It helps if you are knowledgeable on your topic, however, you can become knowledgeable on any topic through research. You want to also choose a topic that will be intellectually stimulating to your audience. Always Consider your audienceevery step of the way. Use the Audience Centered Approach to public speaking. All Topics MUST BE CLEARED WITH YOUR INSTRUCTOR AS SOON AS POSSIBLE! I want to know ASAP what your topic is so that I can help you prepare. The sooner I know what your topic is the sooner I can help you. A good place to start is on the Public Speakers’ Web Site on the Speech Preparation Page. Gathering Information: Hopefully, you will be knowledgeable on your topic already. However, part of your assignment is to find additional sources. You are â€Å"required† to have at least 4 sources. You are not an additional source. An interview (using your interview skills and a schedule) would be an excellent source and I encourage you to interview an outside source for your speech. There are many sources available in the Library and the Reference Librarians are waiting to help you find them. Include the sources that you will cite in your speech in your reference section. Please use complete citations. APA or MLA format is ... Free Essays on Informative Speech Objectives Free Essays on Informative Speech Objectives Objectives: 1. Develop an Informative speech topic. 2. Develop and Apply effective research and organizational skills in preparing a speech. 3. Analyze your Audience and adapt your message to your audience 4. Develop and Effectively use a Visual Aid to assist you in clarifying and supporting your ideas. 5. Practice delivery and presentation skills. 6. Inform, teach, and create understanding in your audience. This speech is an informative presentation. Your goal is to inform and teach your audience about your topic. Focus on one type of informative speech: OBJECTS, EVENTS, CONCEPTS, OR A PROCESS. First and foremost select a topic that is interesting to you. It helps if you are knowledgeable on your topic, however, you can become knowledgeable on any topic through research. You want to also choose a topic that will be intellectually stimulating to your audience. Always Consider your audienceevery step of the way. Use the Audience Centered Approach to public speaking. All Topics MUST BE CLEARED WITH YOUR INSTRUCTOR AS SOON AS POSSIBLE! I want to know ASAP what your topic is so that I can help you prepare. The sooner I know what your topic is the sooner I can help you. A good place to start is on the Public Speakers’ Web Site on the Speech Preparation Page. Gathering Information: Hopefully, you will be knowledgeable on your topic already. However, part of your assignment is to find additional sources. You are â€Å"required† to have at least 4 sources. You are not an additional source. An interview (using your interview skills and a schedule) would be an excellent source and I encourage you to interview an outside source for your speech. There are many sources available in the Library and the Reference Librarians are waiting to help you find them. Include the sources that you will cite in your speech in your reference section. Please use complete citations. APA or MLA format is ...

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or Essay - 2

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or musical performance - Essay Example There is abundant collection of art that simply breath-taking. The stunning glass pyramid on the central courtyard remained a marvelous place to commence the tour of the museum. Being in a guided tour was a well-sought idea as it enabled me to learn all about the exhibits and their history. The whole tour process became even more convenient as the audio guides played a prominent role of otherwise the human guides’ responsibility. At the glass pyramid, I managed to see the statue of King Louis XIV. The display of the history of the utility was clear also for everyone to read. Louvre museum was originally a royal palace, but they later turned the building to a museum in the 1700’s (Edward, 2008). River Seine in the nearby enhance the function of the utility as it add to its aesthetic value. The fact that it was easy to access the area was a lovely thing for me. The fun also starts even before accessing the inside of the museum. This is because the Beautiful Carrousel Gardens, as well as the Tuileris gardens, provide an environment for a casual stroll. This became enhanced by the fact one could access some sculptures and statutes by such artists as Aristide Maillol and Auguste Rodin, from the outside. As much as most people are not art enthusiasts, the impressive collection was just astounding. Ranging from Egyptians, Greek to Romans Artifacts, there are numerous paintings. Among these pieces, of work are the Delacroix, Watteau, as well as Louis XIV court paintings. Other exceptional artwork includes Jacques-Louis David’s painting, â€Å"The coronation Of Napoleon.† The â€Å"Hyacinth Rigaud’s piece by Louis XIV was another marvelous exhibit. These artworks have a universal appeal. This is especially for the work of Leonardo da Vinci. This was one of my favorite pieces of exhibits. It includes the painting of Mona Lisa. This artwork is so widely praised, and I had the chance to confirm the

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Assignment - Essay Example You will find that the currency policy can have an effect on the stability of a country's economy. Attached you will find the evaluation of the foreign currency regimes utilised by some of the major countries in the Asian region. Australia and Indonesia operate on a free floating regime, whereas Hong Kong is pegged at a fixed rate to the US dollar and China and Malaysia operate a managed float system. Their central banks have operations details in line with their government's monetary policy. A detailed analysis explains that each regime has strengths and weaknesses; however the pegged exchange rate system has the most drawbacks and the most potential for economic crisis. A free floating system allows a currency to be valued purely by the market however it relinquishes control of the central bank to the world market. A managed float allows for more control over the market and greater currency stability however it has some of the drawbacks of a pegged rate system. The appendices outline currency volatility given the type of exchange rate as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each type of currency regime. There are a variety of exchange rate mechanisms that a country can choose to use in order to value their currency. Each mechanism has its own strengths and weaknesses and each country creates an exchange rate policy that they feel will help to keep their currency stable. Since the currency crisis of 1997 in the Asia Pacific region, many countries in this region have revised their monetary policies away from a strictly pegged exchange rate system. Pegged exchange rate systems seek to tie the value of one countries currency (usually a less stable economy) to that of the currency of a country with a very stable economy. However it can be difficult for a country to maintain this peg in times of economic crisis. More countries are now moving towards floating or managed exchange rate systems. Floating exchange rate systems allow a currency's value to be determined by the market, in other words to float freely in relation to other traded currencies. A country that does not have a stable ec onomy may be hesitant to use this method as their currency may be severely devalued in an open market. Managed float systems are a hybrid of a pegged and floating system. In a managed float a country lets its currency float in the market, but only allows it to float within an accepted range compared to other currencies. Outlined below are the exchange rate mechanisms and operations employed by several countries in the Asian region, as well as an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the different mechanisms utilised. 2. Country Specific Exchange Rate Regimes 2.1 Australia The Reserve Bank of Australia maintains a floating exchange rate policy. The goal of their policy is, "the stability of the currency of Australia, the maintenance of full employment in Australia, and the economic policy and welfare of the people of Australia (Reserve Bank of Australia 2006, para. 2). Overall the Australian government is concerned with keeping inflation rates low. The Reserve bank of Australia is the institution charged with maintaining the exchange rate pol

The Impact of Socio-economic Status on Student Achievement and Essay

The Impact of Socio-economic Status on Student Achievement and possible Intervention. Focus Australian education - Essay Example One may ask, why focus on early childhood education? It has been proven in numerous studies that the early years of any child’s life have a formative impact on their learning, development, future health as well as well-being. This forms the justification for this paper. It begins by exploring what exactly ECEC is in various contexts. It then goes on to give a background of the issue, highlighting various theories and schools of thought on the subject. Next, it discusses the Early Childhood Education and Care sector in the Australian context. In this section, the paper also highlights the different ECEC service types, particularly LDC, FDC, OSHC, IHC, preschool, Occasional care as well as the non-mainstream ECEC services. Next, it goes on to discuss the problems hindering the provision of quality ECEC services in Kenya. It then goes ahead to explain the role of Government in the provision of high quality education in general, and in ECEC sector in particular, with a focus on ho w Government intervention affects disadvantaged children. Then, the paper goes into highlighting the specific roles of the Australian as well as State and Territory governments in the ECEC sector, and how regulation can ensure the provision of high-quality ECEC services to all children, regardless of their family background. Introduction The level of student success in today’s education context is determined by a wide range of factors. This paper seeks to focus on the socio-economic status as a factor in student achievement, with a focus on the Early Childhood Education and Care sector in Australia. It is proven that the early years of any child’s life have a formative impact on their learning, development, future health as well as well-being. If the child is exposed to positive experiences in their formative years, it will also have positive outcomes in their future (Waldfogel, 2007). Research has revealed that, despite its importance, the level of quality of ECEC ser vices may not be as high as it ought to be. This is mainly caused by disjointed policy approaches and information asymmetry among other factors. These issues have been discussed in more detail further into the paper. However, the government of any nation has a responsibility to ensure that the quality of ECEC services to all the state’s children, regardless of economic background, as the adequate provision of this has bearing on economic development through adequate workforce participation (Smart, Sanson, Baxter, Edwards and Hayes, 2008). Definition of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) Waldfogel (2007) reveals that early childhood education can simply be defined as the process of administering formal teaching and care of children by people who are not part of their family, or is outside their respective home setting. Early childhood refers to the age before normal schooling, that is, between birth and five years of age. However, this definition varies between differen t nations: for example, the United States National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) defines early childhood as before the age of eight (Waldfogel, 2007). Background A child’s needs in the early years are very different from those of older children. This is because early childhood sees the greatest growth and development. The stages are such that the brain develops

Barbies Negative Impact on Society

Barbies Negative Impact on Society Cindy Jackson currently holds first place in the Guinness Book of World Records for undergoing the most consecutive cosmetic surgeries. While growing up, Cindy considered herself plain and unattractive next to her beautiful sister, so she decided that she had to do something. At age six Cindy was obsessed with looking like Barbie. Cindy stated, I looked at a Barbie doll and said, this is what I want to look like, I want to be her, (Leung 1). At age twenty-one Cindy packed up and moved to London, England, where she wanted to start a new, prettier life. It took over thirty-one surgeries, fourteen years, and five hundred thousand dollars to become the human Barbie. Now she has her own website, book, and multi-million dollar friends, at the expense of her body. Cindy Jackson is an example of how far people are willing to go to look perfect in this society. Beauty is distorted by the media and by the toy industry. In todays society skinnier is better, and people are willing to go through anything to achieve this. Children should not be exposed to these ideas. Instead, children should just be kids. Putting the Barbie doll into the hands of children teaches them that they need to look like her: perfect. Although, Barbie is not the only sole cause of low self satisfaction but is a contributing factor. Barbie has been proven to give children who play with her lower self-esteem and induce increased desires to look skinnier. Barbie has negative influences on body image and causes lower body satisfaction levels among young girls, by giving children false pretenses and pressures about being skinny and perfect. Barbie is the most successful toy of the twentieth century and the alleged icon of female beauty (Kuther 39). Most girls from the ages three to ten have at least had one doll growing up. Although, shes popular now she is actually based off of another popular doll from Germany. The dolls name was Bild Lilli she was an original cartoon character of an explicit comic strip designed for adult men. On August 12, 1955 Lilli was first sold in Germany, usually found in smoke shops and a few toy stores, (Bild 1). Barbie was based off of the Lilli doll by Ruth Handler; she journeyed to Europe on vacation and bought a few Lilli dolls. When she returned back to New York Handler re-designed the doll to make Barbie, which was named after her granddaughter Barbara. Now Barbie is the most sold doll in the world, Barbie is a 1.5 million dollar per-year industry (Dittmar 283). Barbie gives children a sense of low self-esteem. Three developmental psychologists exposed one hundred twenty-six English children from ages five to eight to a study of how Barbie influences body image. They were exposed to either Barbie dolls, Emme dolls (a more normal proportioned doll), or no dolls and then completed assignments based on what they saw. Helga Dittmar concludes, Girls exposed to Barbie reported lower body esteem and greater desire for a thinner body shape than girls in the other exposure conditions (284). Dittmar continues, even if dolls cease to function as aspiring role models for older girls, early exposure to dolls epitomizing an unrealistically thin body ideal may damage girls body image, which would contribute to an increased risk of disordered eating and weight cycling (290). This study proves the fact that Barbie has some kind of hold over kids. Since girls play with these dolls they are the most influenced by her since they are so young. If we show our chi ldren these images and tell them to play with them, they will show some sort of idolizing to the dolls. Handlers granddaughter Stacey has written a book about her complications with living in the shadows of the Barbie doll. She has had many challenges maintaining her weight to blend into the family. Stacey Handler has experienced the life after Barbie as it has been in her life personally. Her book The Body Burden, Living In the Shadow of Barbie reveals her personal story of a lifetime battle with body image. She openly discloses her own feelings about the Barbie doll, her grandmothers seemingly innocent perfect creation. She shares her moments of low self-esteem, including fears, insecurities, and distorted body image that have been bestowed on her (213). She discusses societys unrealistic body images and how hard it is for girls to adjust and love themselves for who they are (215). For the first few chapters she expresses her feelings through poems and rhyming songs (1). Handler writes, They never see behind the curtains that hide all my imperfections I was removed from the shelves where the perfect me remained without a single tear I worked all day and night to get rid of my excess cellulite until I looked perfect in the eyes of society (12-13). Stacey felt overwhelmed by what her grandmother had invented. She was constantly dieting and practicing unhealthy habits of losing the excess weight. Secondly, includes the controversial information of the Barbie. This includes the real life Barbie and her measurements. Barbie was designed to look flawless because why would a child play with a doll with blemishes or cracked dry skin. These dolls are made to look perfect and almost robotic (one looking exactly like the other). Even though Barbie has recently turned fifty years old she still looks like she is twenty. She stays so young only because children would not play with a grandmother looking doll, it would be out of their likely hood to play with her. The children would not look up to her. Her body figure is very controversial because it demonstrates a tiny waist, long legs, ample bosom, and flowing blond locks (Winterman 1). Some argue her body shape would be unobtainable and unsustainable if scaled up to life-size. Denise Winterman states, They claim she would not be able to stand up because her body frame would be so unbalanced. A real life Barbie would simply fall over .A study at Southern Australia University suggest the likelihood of a woman having Barbies body shape is one in one hundred thousand so not impossible, but extremely rare ( Winterman 1). Winterman claims, Researchers at Finlands University Central Hospital in Helsinki say if Barbie were life size she would lack the seventeen to twenty-two percent body fat required for a woman to menstruate. So again, not an unachievable figure, but certainly not a healthy one . If Barbie were a real person, she would stand five foot two inches and weigh approximately one hundred ten pounds. Her waist would measure a remarkable 20 inches, her chest thirty-eight inches, and her hips thirty-four inches (Kuther 322). Third toys give children an influence especially at younger ages. Barbie is indeed advertised to children who are young, mainly three to ten year olds. Children who play with toys at aged three to eight are said to be influenced more from the toys they play with than the ten year olds advertised too also (Duffy 1). Judith Duffy suggests that girls as young as five worry about their weight after playing with unrealistically slim figures such as the Barbie . Duffys article is a summarization of facts based on girls ideal of beauty within the past five years. For example, a recent study performed on one hundred thirty fifteen-year-old Scottish girls has revealed that around fifty two percent considered themselves to be too fat, and twenty-nine percent were actively trying to lose weight . This is outrageous considering that fifteen year olds are just beginning their high school career. These teenagers should be more concentrated on their studies than on their need to be perfect and size two. Some writers, feminists and psychologists think Barbie is a positive role model and a healthy image for young girls to have. For example, Deb Mehecke writer of the article Rethinking Barbie, explains that Barbie gives children a chance to use their imaginations and the opportunity to mother something . She also claims, Barbie allows young women to dream about all of the possibilities, Barbie can be a doctor, an astronaut, a banker, a lawyer, a nurse, a gymnast etc . Children do like to mother their toys and pretend they are real, but do we have to give our children such an inappropriate doll. We could give our children a water baby or a cabbage patch doll, why do we insist they take care of such a glamorous doll? Developmental psychologist Julia Griffin stated her idea of Barbie in her article Academics Like to Play with Barbie too. Griffin explains Barbie is essential to a girls development in a social interaction along with social values . Instead of Barbie being the essential part of a childs life, parents should help their children develop social interaction and social value skills. Many people think Barbie has nothing to do with eating disorders and the negative body image in young girls. Mattel, the company that produces the doll denies any and all negative accusations with Barbie and the negative affects it rings to the children who play with her. Solutions are a must with this issue such solutions are: alternate dolls for children and young teenagers, parent responsibility and positive reinforcement of body image, and companies need to make dolls more realistic. Some alternate dolls for young girls would be the Groovy Girl dolls, and the Cabbage Patch Kid dolls, and for the older age groups the American Girl Doll and Emme. The Groovy Girl dolls are sold at Target stores nationwide, and sell for about sixteen to nineteen dollars. These dolls can be considered expensive but they resemble children, in appropriate clothing and offer great values to children. The editor for the savvymom website and co-founder of the Groovy Girls is Victoria Pericon who appears on the official website she states, With three children of my own, I am constantly trying to filter the messages y kids are getting from television, their peers, the Internet, magazines, and movies. My daughter, especially, is surrounded by confusing messages that make it difficult for her to develop a strong sense and a healthy body image. The Groovy Girl dolls helped my daughter find her inner beauty in a respectful way, (Groovygirls.com). This website has a parents option which has ways to help your daughter learn to make good decisions along with characteristics parents should enforce. The Cabbage Patch Kid dolls are harder to find but they are so ld at Wal-Mart and Target stores along with other with other toy stores nationwide. They sell for about ten to fifteen dollars depending on the doll and accessories included. These dolls are positive for little children because they are realistic in their appearance according to the childs age group, and they can care for them properly. The American Girl dolls are by far the most educational and most expensive. These dolls are designed to teach children about a defined time period. For example, The Great Depression and the 70s dolls Kit and Julie. Although, these dolls are highly expensive and are more classy and high end of the doll market they include a lot of valuable information and insight into the girls influence. The final alternate doll would be the Emme doll. This doll is sold online and in select stores and is priced between twenty and thirty-five dollars. The optional extra outfits can cost anywhere from fifty to ninety dollars. These dolls are the most proportionate to an average healthy woman which makes this doll the best dolls for growing and changing children to teenagers. In conclusion, Barbie indeed became a staple of todays society based on her popularity but she is becoming a factor of low self-esteem in young girls. If we act now we can stop the increase in this matter before it gets even worse. References Anonymous. Bild Lilli History. 10, Apr. 2001.10, Nov 2009 . Dittmar, Helga, Emma Halliwell, and Susanne Ive. Does Barbie Make Girls Want to be thin? American Psychological Associationl.42.2 (2006):283-292. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Oct 2009. Duffy, Judith. Barbies Figure gives Young Girls a Desire to have a Thinner Body. BNet.com.CBS. 12 Jun.2005.CBS, Web. 23 Sept. 2009. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20050612/ai_n14680012/ Esteban, Michelle. Full-Figured Doll Transforms Beauty ImageABCNews.com. 25 Oct. 2002.Web. 2, Sept.2009.http://abcnews.go.com/US/Story?id=91099page=1 Groovygirls.com. 2008. 10, Nov. 2009 http://www.groovygirls.com/parents/raising.cfm. Handler, Stacey. The Body Burden, Living In the Shadow of Barbie. Cape Canaveral: Blue Note Publications, 2000. Print Kuther, Kara L. and Erin McDonald. Early Adolescents Experiences with and views of Barbie. Adolescence. 39.153. (Spring 2004): 39-51 Findarticles.com. Academic Search Premier.EBSCO. Web. 25 Sept. 2009. Leung, Rebecca. Becoming Barbie: Living Dolls. CBSNews.com. 6 Aug. 2004.Web. 24 Sept. 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/07/29/48hours/main632909.shtml Winterman, Denise. What would a real life Barbie look like? BBCNews.com 06, March, 2009: 1-2. Web. 1 Oct 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7920962.stm

Abortion. Sin or Not? :: essays research papers

The Bible is often time misquoted when it comes to the issue of abortion. In fact the word of God makes it clear to us that abortion is not a sin, it's quite clear that to believe otherwise is nothing short of idolatry and blasphemy and those are definitely sins. One of the most beautiful chapters in the Bible is Psalms 139. "For thou hast possessed my reins: thou hast covered me in my mother's womb. I will praise thee; or I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvelous are thy works: and that my soul knoweth right well. My substance was not hid from thee, when I was made in secret, and curiously wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. Thine eyes did see my substance, yet being unperfect; and in thy book all my members were written, which in continuance were fashioned, when as yet there was none of them." Psalms 139:13-16. It speaks of God's constant, practically caring, love for his creation. It is distressing to see this chapter used by anti-abortionists as proof that life begins at conception. If you read the chapter in its entirety it becomes clear that our existence begins in the mind of God and that God's attentions follow us all of our days, through good and bad. Clearly there is a strong argument here The condemning and supporting does not from the words of the Bible but rather from the leaders within our Christian culture who use verses out of context. Reading the second creation story Genesis brought some insight to the question of when does life actually begin. "And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul." Genesis 2:7. First God forms Adam; he was made from dust, a flesh and blood body. Second, he "breathes into his nostrils the breath of life" and then man became a living soul. Man did not become a living soul when God first formed the idea of creating Adam. Man did not become a living soul when God created his body. It was not until God gave man his first breath he become a living soul.

Medieval Ireland the Coming of the Normans, 1167â€1185

By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a shifting hierarchy of petty kingdoms and over-kingdoms. Power was concentrated into the hands of a few regional dynasties contending against each other for control of the whole island. The Northern Ui Neill ruled much of what is now Ulster. Their kinsmen, the Southern Ui Neill, were Kings of Brega (Meath). The kingship of Leinster was held by the dynamic Ui Cheinnselaigh dynasty. A new kingdom rose between Leinster and Munster, Osraige, ruled by the family of Mac Giolla Phadraig. Munster was nominally controlled by the Mac Cartaig, who were however in reality often subject to the Ui Bhriain of Thomond. North of Thomond, Connacht's supreme rulers were the Ui Chonchubhair. After losing the protection of Tyrone Chief, Muirchertach MacLochlainn, High King of Ireland, who died in 1166, Dermot MacMurrough (Irish Diarmait Mac Murchada) , was forcibly exiled by a confederation of Irish forces under the new High King, Rory O'Connor. Diarmait fled first to Bristol and then to Normandy. He sought and obtained permission from Henry II of England to use the latter's subjects to regain his kingdom. By 1167 MacMurrough had obtained the services of Maurice Fitz Gerald and later persuaded Rhys ap Gruffydd Prince of Deheubarth to release Maurice's half-brother Robert Fitz-Stephen from captivity to take part in the expedition. Most importantly he obtained the support of the Earl of Pembroke Richard de Clare, known as Strongbow. The first Norman knight to land in Ireland was Richard fitz Godbert de Roche in 1167, but it was not until 1169 that the main forces of Normans, Welsh and Flemings landed in Wexford. Within a short time Leinster was regained, Waterford and Dublin were under Diarmait's control, and he had Strongbow as a son-in-law, and named him as heir to his kingdom. This latter development caused consternation to King Henry II of England, who feared the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland. Accordingly, he resolved to visit Leinster to establish his authority. The Papal Bull and Henry's invasion: Pope Adrian IV (the first English Pope, in one of his earliest acts) had already issued a Papal Bull in 1155, giving Henry authority to invade Ireland as a means of curbing ecclesiastical orruption and abuses. Little contemporary use, however, was made of the Bull Laudabiliter since its text enforced papal suzerainty not only over the island of Ireland but of all islands off of the European coast, including England, in virtue of the Constantinian donation. The relevant text reads: â€Å"There is indeed no doubt, as thy Highness doth also acknowledge, that Ireland and all o ther islands which Christ the Sun of Righteousness has illumined, and which have received the doctrines of the Christian faith, belong to the jurisdiction of St. Peter and of the holy Roman Church†. References to Laudabiliter become more frequent in the later Tudor period when the researches of the renaissance humanist scholars cast doubt on the historicity of the Donation of Constantine. Henry landed with a large fleet at Waterford in 1171, becoming the first King of England to set foot on Irish soil. Both Waterford and Dublin were proclaimed Royal Cities. Adrian's successor, Pope Alexander III ratified the grant of Irish lands to Henry in 1172. Henry awarded his Irish territories to his younger son John with the title Dominus Hiberniae (â€Å"Lord of Ireland†). When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as King John, the â€Å"Kingdom of Ireland† fell directly under the English Crown. Henry was happily acknowledged by most of the Irish Kings, who saw in him a chance to curb the expansion of both Leinster and the Hiberno-Normans. This led to the ratification of the Treaty of Windsor (1175) between Henry and Ruaidhri. However, with both Diarmuid and Strongbow dead (in 1171 and 1176), Henry back in England and Ruaidhri unable to curb his nominal vassals, within two years it was not worth the vellum it was inscribed upon. John de Courcy invaded and gained much of east Ulster in 1177, Raymond le Gros had already captured Limerick and much of north Munster, while the other Norman families such as Prendergast, fitz Stephen, fitz Gerald, fitz Henry and le Poer were actively carving out virtual kingdoms for themselves.

Free Essays on Julius Caesar

Caesar was born into the Julian gens, one of Rome's oldest patrician families. He was often a member of the more popular Democratic Party. He benefitted from the patronage of his uncle by marriage, Caius Marius. In 82 B.C. he refused to divorce Cornelia, the wealthy daughter of Cornelius Cinna, he was proscribed and he fled from Rome. He returned in 78 B.C. when Sulla died and began his political career. He quickly gained popularity, and in 74 B.C. he went to repulse a Cappadocian army. When he returned he helped advance the position of Pompey, the virtual head of the popular party. Caesar gained the status of military tribune before 70 B.C. and was quaestor in farther Spain in 69 B.C. He aided Pompey in gaining complete control of the war in the East. When he returned to Rome in 68 B.C. he was recognized as the head of the popular party in Pompey?s absence. His praise of Marius and Cinna made him popular with the people, but in return he earned the hatred of the Senate. In 63 B.C. he was elected pontifex maximus {high priest}, allegedly by heavy bribes. Later he reformed the calendar, which was one of the greatest contributions of history. Between 81 and 79 Caesar served on the personal staff of Marcus Minucius Thermus, who was praetor in Asia Minor. When Sulla died (78) Caesar felt it safe to go back to Italy. There he took up the profession of criminal law. That was a normal thing to do, while Caesar stayed far from politics. In 75 He went to Rhodes for higher learning, and was caught by pirates who were asking the usual tariff. He raised the prize and promised to kill his captors. After Ransom was paid Caesar got some ships and crucified the pirates. He then continued his studies but they were again interrupted when Mithridates of Pontus attacked Asia Minor a second time (74). On his own funds and will raised a small army to defend some towns, giving the official roman commander Lucullus time to organi... Free Essays on Julius Caesar Free Essays on Julius Caesar In the tragedy of Julius Caesar, after the death of Caesar both Brutus and Antony spoke at Caesar’s funeral. Brutus finished his speech trying to convince the crowd that they did the right thing to kill Caesar because he was ambitious. Antony then enters with Caesar’s corpse awaiting his turn to speak to the Roman citizens. Antony begins by praising Caesar even though he claims that his intent is not to praise him, but to speak as a friend at Caesar’s funeral. As he continues to speak, it is clear that Antony uses physical evidence and emotions so the crowd can be persuaded to help in getting revenge for Caesars death. Antony praises Caesar even though he claims that his intent is not to praise but to speak as a friend. Antony says â€Å". . . when that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept –â€Å" to let the citizens think that Caesar loved them. He used rhetorical sentences to play with the citizens’ minds. â€Å". . . If I were disposed to stir your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage I should do Brutus wrong and Cassius wrong.† He says this in order to prove Brutus and Cassius wrong without making himself look like he is going against them. Antony pretends to like the conspirators so that they do not kill him so that he can get revenge for Caesar’s death. Antony tells them that he is not trying to convince them to go against the conspirators, but that is what he is doing by using physical evidence. It becomes clear that Antony understands the feelings of the mob because he knows what they want and what they are expecting. He cries and one the citizens has sympathy towards him which then convinces the rest of the citizens to feel the same. Antony used physical evidence and emotions, which persuaded them to go against the conspirators. â€Å"But here’s a parchment with the seal of Caesar- I found it in his closet- ‘tis his will.† but he then says he will not read it. Antony menti... Free Essays on Julius Caesar Julius Caesar – Power In William Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar, a group of men conspire to assassinate Caesar; a man they feel will destroy the Roman Empire if he is given such power. They feel he is not worthy of being an emperor. They are worried about the corruptive abuse of so much power. These men are also driven by the desire of having more power. William Gaddis said, â€Å"Power does not corrupt people; people corrupt power.†(Gaddis, William). Qtd. In Sweeney, K. Power Statements. Lecture Handout, English I. Lawrenceville: Notre Dame High School, 6 May 2002. This is clear in Julius Caesar. The desire and fear of power corrupt every character. The conspirators fear they will lose their free will and live under a tyrant. They also have the desire to increase their own power. Brutus, a close friend of Caesar, chooses to kill Caesar to prevent the fall of the Empire. He believes it is only for the good of the country and that he knows Caesar will become corrupted by power but ambition and praise also turn around his head. Caesar proves his conspirators right by becoming the tyrant they feared. Power and corruption play a big role in this story. As Brutus struggled with the decision of whether or not to join Cassius and kill his friend Caesar, he made a statement about Caesar’s character. â€Å"But tis a common proof. That lowliness is young ambition’s ladder, Whereto the climber-upward turns his face; But when he once attains the upmost round. He then unto the ladder turns his back; Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees: By which he did ascend†¦(II, I, 22-27). In this statement, he means that he believes if Caesar climbs the ladder to power, he will certainly rule as a dictator disregarding the common people as insignificant. As much as Brutus might truly believe this to be true about his friend, Brutus also gets caught up in the lure of power. He becomes easily swayed when Cassius flatters Brutus in his effort ... Free Essays on Julius Caesar Caesar was born into the Julian gens, one of Rome's oldest patrician families. He was often a member of the more popular Democratic Party. He benefitted from the patronage of his uncle by marriage, Caius Marius. In 82 B.C. he refused to divorce Cornelia, the wealthy daughter of Cornelius Cinna, he was proscribed and he fled from Rome. He returned in 78 B.C. when Sulla died and began his political career. He quickly gained popularity, and in 74 B.C. he went to repulse a Cappadocian army. When he returned he helped advance the position of Pompey, the virtual head of the popular party. Caesar gained the status of military tribune before 70 B.C. and was quaestor in farther Spain in 69 B.C. He aided Pompey in gaining complete control of the war in the East. When he returned to Rome in 68 B.C. he was recognized as the head of the popular party in Pompey?s absence. His praise of Marius and Cinna made him popular with the people, but in return he earned the hatred of the Senate. In 63 B.C. he was elected pontifex maximus {high priest}, allegedly by heavy bribes. Later he reformed the calendar, which was one of the greatest contributions of history. Between 81 and 79 Caesar served on the personal staff of Marcus Minucius Thermus, who was praetor in Asia Minor. When Sulla died (78) Caesar felt it safe to go back to Italy. There he took up the profession of criminal law. That was a normal thing to do, while Caesar stayed far from politics. In 75 He went to Rhodes for higher learning, and was caught by pirates who were asking the usual tariff. He raised the prize and promised to kill his captors. After Ransom was paid Caesar got some ships and crucified the pirates. He then continued his studies but they were again interrupted when Mithridates of Pontus attacked Asia Minor a second time (74). On his own funds and will raised a small army to defend some towns, giving the official roman commander Lucullus time to organi...

talibans women essays

taliban's women essays The article AFTER THE ATTACK; Extremists Put Own Twist on Faith written by Teresa Watanabe for Los Angeles Times states that the Afghanistans Taliban has committed crimes against women and girls. For six years the Feminist Majority Foundation has condemned Talibans crimes against women and the have been saying that in a country where so many people have no rights will create international instability. The organization opposes to widespread air strikes but also negotiations with the Taliban. They believe that human rights should be a priority in the moths to come. In 1996 the foundation started a campaign to stop gender apartheid and included Afghan women who under the ruling of Taliban they cant no longer work, attend to school, leave their homes or receive medical treatment. David Gibbs, an associate professor of political science at the University of Arizona and an expert on Afghanistan said that the international community should not accept groups that abuse women and girls. I believe that women should have equal rights as men anywhere in the world and reading about Talibans actions against women irritates me. Coming from the West it seems unbelievable that women cant work or go to schools. My mother studied a career and worked in the 70s and nobody opposed to it. Begun in 1996, the foundation's Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid has been the nation's loudest voice in protesting the treatment of Afghan women who, under the ruling Taliban, have been stripped of basic human rights. They are no longer allowed to work, to attend school, to leave their homes or to receive medical treatment. groups that mistreat women and girls should be ostracized by the international community. "We have been saying for years that a country where so many people have no rights will create international instability, that human rights should be a priority in the weeks and months to come. ...

A Reflection of My Mother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

A Reflection of My Mother - Essay Example We all knew he loved us but he wasn’t a very affectionate person that always gave out hugs and kisses. Before I knew it, I was the official babysitter, watching my own sister and brothers, feeling like the mother goose. Growing up with a lot of responsibility, I was brought up to be resourceful and to never waste food. Being a middle-class family, my mom was a little frugal and taught us to make goals and to stick to them. I was very involved in sports to stay out of trouble and planned around my sister and brothers functions so that we can all be home together at the same time. She also told us to never take pity on ourselves for the cards we have dealt; it happened, so now we should move on. We all learned to have respect for the elders and to help one another. I benefited from my childhood because it, and my parents, helped to set the foundation for the person I wanted to be when I grew up. I watched and studied how my parents, especially my mother, handled things and lived her life, and I strived to be just like her. I figured that if she could do a good job being the person that she was, then I could be the same way. The love that she had for others really inspired me to be just as loving and as giving. Today, I have two children of my own, a daughter who is seven and a son who is eight years old and they both demand a lot of my attention. With all the years of training I received when I was younger, it just seems to come naturally to me. I work hard, apply myself and volunteer to help others. I do not always have the time, but I do try to make time. Another important quality I find in myself is that I do care for everyone, family or strangers. I volunteer to donate blood/platelets to help the people and cancer patients who need it. I sometimes find myself crying in front of the television over a commercial, feeling so happy or sad for that person.  Ã‚  

The World Bank is currently advising newly industrialized countries on Research Paper

The World Bank is currently advising newly industrialized countries on how to encourage growth and they have asked for your help - Research Paper Example Thus, through innovation, which is accompanied by patenting of the newly generated ideas or commodities, the firms eventually grow and obtain a reasonable market share for their products (Arora, Fosfuri, & Gambardella, 2001). Tax cuts and state financing is the other method that has been applied to promote the growth of firms in these countries. The governments of these countries have created institutions, for example the Economic Development Board in Singapore, which provides long and short term financing for firms, promotes industrial investment and creates an enabling environment, such as industrial estates for firms to operate (Arora, Fosfuri, & Gambardella, 2001). This way, firms are afforded an opportunity to thrive in the tough economic conditions through financial support, which enables them to grow and eventually become large companies. The most suitable method, which should be adopted by the firms in these countries to grow economically, is innovation. The rationale behind this is the fact that, innovation helps a firm to develop new products, services and ideas, which help it, compete effectively with other firms in the market, as opposed to government financing and support, which serves to increase competition (Arora, Fosfuri, & Gambardella,

The reorganization of Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The reorganization of Starbucks - Research Paper Example From this research it is clear that Howard recruitment was informed by the need to reverse the trend where almost all the company figures were declining at an extremely fast rate. According to Howard, the root cause of the problem was the fact that Starbuck had lost its luxurious nature thereby losing the sense of uniqueness and high-end characteristics, and therefore became like any other commodity which could now be challenged by coffee outlets such as McDonald and even Dunkin Donut. According to Howard, this Starbucks experience could only be redeemed by refocusing not just on the customer experience but also rebuilding its heritage of innovation. It was his strong believe that Starbucks performance could only be reclaimed by getting back to what drove its past success, which no doubt was its relationship and focus on customers. That being the case, Howard, assumed office with a clear mind on what was expected of him. First, having being there not just in Starbucks’ good da ys but also in its most turbulent days preceding his recruitment, there was no doubt that he was the best placed person to turn it around. Noteworthy was also the fact that he was the builder of Starbucks brand and therefore best positioned to take Starbucks back to the path of innovation, while executing a radical organization-wide restructuring process. Re-igniting the emotional attachment that Starbucks enjoyed with its customers was arguably the greatest feat that Howard achieved in his turnaround effort of this entity. (Rushe, 2006). This is because this is all what was needed if Starbucks was to reclaim the uniqueness of its coffee and hence its brands image, which to Howard was the magic bullet for its financial woes. Howard also reasoned that the mushrooming of Starbucks stores literary in every nook and cranny was also to blame for the financial difficulties that the company was experiencing. It was in this regard that he initiated a program that saw a number of underperfor ming stores closed while others replaced with new ones in strategic locations where they could perform profitably, a process that enabled Starbucks to renew focus on what it referred to as store-level unit economics (Howard, & Gordon, 2011). Howard also believed that the company’s huge investment in socially responsible activities was not contributing to its revenue as would be expected. It is for this reason that he significantly cut the social responsible budget which in his opinion was not commensurate to the revenue it was generating while shifting those funds to other profitable ventures. Howard also restored a number of store design elements that had been lost along the way and which he believed were a major component of the Starbucks’ experience which he was keen to reclaim. Another benefit that his efforts in this regard bore was the accelerated expansion in the international front. This expansion saw the capital resource that was earmarked for Starbucks expans ion locally directed to store growth outside US, a move that improved Starbucks consolidated profitability immensely. Howard was also able to re-align its organization while streamlining its management in a way that better supported customer-focused programs. Lastly, Howard, radically changed the leadership organization of Starbucks, something that experts saw as highly risky especially bearing in mind the size of the company at the time and its stage in development. It is not in doubt

Is obesity a disease Essay Example for Free

Is obesity a disease Essay Is obesity a disease? Thirty tlve percent ot people believe that obesity is a disease, but I believe that It Is a life choice. The reason I believe that obesity Is a life choice Is because there are many ways to avoid obesity; getung plenty of exercise, eaung right, and there are surgeries that can be performed to counter obesity and be healthy. Thirty eight of Americans are obese, due to that percentage, most doctors dont consider being skinny healthy and believe that you should be close to overweight but not obese. The average weight for a teen girl that Is 5, 1 Is 100 pounds which is nderweight to doctors they believe that the average teen girl that is 5, 1 should be 125 pounds. In 1979 the average weight for a teen girl that is 5, 1 was 109 pounds and due to the increase of obesity and weight change that now would be considered underweight and you would be considered not healthy. Many people say that obesity is caused by thyroid problems yet there are many ways to avoid this, there are foods that cant be avoided that can stop the thyroid problem, There are medicines that will eliminate or control the problem. The thyroid causes the body to ake too many proteins that the body does not need, and this can cause increased body weight and swelling. It also controls metabolism, and can cause you to lose weight too slowly or cause you to lose weight too fast. The thyroid is the number medical cause of weight gain but this can be completely avoided in many ways, the thyroid cannot be blamed for causing obesity. obesity Is caused by many things such as poverty and the society In which we live In. any fast food places angle advertising towards kids and show them toys and characters form their favorite hows to get them to eat there. Most parents allow them to eat there because It makes then happy and they want to give them what they want because it Is very easy and very affordable. The percentage of kids that have obesity has risen since the kids meals were invented in 1987. Many fast food restraints have taken notice of this and gotten rid of the toy and introduced books in kids meals The places th at tried this noticed that kids brought fewer fast foods because there was no toy in their meal. I dont believe that kids meals make kids fat but I believe Its the prices and how easy hey are to get causes not only kids but adults to gain weight and become obese, Obesity is a life choice even if you do have the medical condition hyperthyroidism there is no excuse for being fat because there are so many ways to avoid it. If obesity was a disease then that would mean something that requires medical treatment but that would also but someone doing heroin is a disease when in reality It is a life choice you either control the problem or you dont and obesity is something you can control obesity is just caused by an eating habits. Work cited is obesity a disease By Adrivatal Thirty five percent of people believe that obesity is a disease, but I believe that it is a life choice. The reason I believe that obesity is a life choice is because there are many ways to avoid obesity; getting plenty of exercise, eating right, and obese. The average weight for a teen girl that is 5, 1 is 100 pounds which is are foods that cant be avoided that can stop the thyroid problem. There are Obesity is caused by many things such as poverty and the society in which we live in. any fast food places hows to get them to eat there. Most parents allow them to eat there because it makes then happy and they want to give them what they want because it is very easy gotten rid of the toy and introduced books in kids meals. The places that tried this dont believe that kids meals make kids fat but I believe its the prices and how easy they are to get causes not only kids but adults to gain weight and become obese. that would also but someone doing heroin is a disease when in reality it is a life control obesity is Just caused by an eating habits.

Graduation Speech: Perseverance and Determination :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As a hurdler for County High, I stumble upon some pretty tough obstacles each time I race; the same is true in life. Everyone encounters obstacles, but in order to overcome them and succeed, one must never give up. I love to run hurdles, but unfortunately last year, little pulls and strains prevented me from running to my full potential. One Thursday, we had a home track meet against Lake Stevens. For the first time I was in pretty good shape for my race, the 100-meter hurdles. I began jumping up and down partially to stay warm, and partially to let out some of my excitement. By this time, I had butterflies in my stomach and the adrenaline was pumping. The starter asked us to 'Take your sweats off and stand behind your blocks.' 'Runners take your marks.' Hands shaking, I crouched into the starting blocks. The gun was up. 'Set!' 'Bang!' I bolted out of the blocks. I was way ahead of the other girls when suddenly, I realized I didn't have enough speed to carry me over the next hurdle. Gathering all of the strength I could, I grabbed at the air in hopes of guaranteeing clearance. I had just brushed over the wood when my foot hit the ground and my ankle gave out. I fell. I heard a gasp from the cro wd and the other racers' feet pounding past me. I got back up. I had never gone over a hurdle with my right leg first, but I did after that fall. Sprinting as fast as I could in between hurdles, I found myself basically bunny hopping over the rest of them. My goal was to cross that finish line and to be able to say that I did the very best that I could, even if I didn't look very graceful along the way. Although it might have seemed like a bad day, I was proud. It was the first time I had ever fallen in a race, and not only did I get back up and keep running, I managed to place second. Sometimes you encounter hurdles in life - sometimes you have to adapt and alter your normal routine to clear them. Then there are times you fall; the people surrounding you may gasp - they had been rooting for you. But they haven't given up on you-it's now more than ever that they want you to succeed - it's human nature to want the underdog to come from behind.

Valkire Movie Review

On April 7, 1 943, he was severely wounded at Subset en Annual, when Allied fight strafed his vehicle. He lost his left eye, right hand, and last two fingers of his eel Ft hand after surgery. Cool. Sternberg was sick of seeing Hitter's Nazi organization in rule of Germany so he took a big Step forward in his plan to Stop Hitter's journey tow awards success. In this part of the movie I wondered why Tom Cruise didn't have a accent while playing the role of a man from Germany. Cool. Sternberg joined the German resistance organization.This organization consisted of a group of en who were antihero and were constantly thinking and conspiring ways the could overthrow the Nazi government the guys in this group seemed really s mart but in the movie when Sternberg walked in the room were the men were, t hey seemed like they were unsure about what to do until Sternberg stepped in Cool. Sternberg meets General Beck and DRP. Girdler. Beck and Girdler are members of the resistances and are also so mewhat important to the German government. If the Valerie operation was a success, DRP.Girdler would have become the leader of Germany and General Beck would've became me the leader of Germany's armed forces. When Cool. Sternberg joins the resistance, he suggests that they should consider using operation Valerie. He takes charge, and agrees to govern this mission because he believed Valerie would be there only chance of stopping Hitler. I wished in the movie they would've explained the Valerie plan a little bit more in the beginning of the movie because it took me a while to fully understand it.The actual Valerie plan consisted of Hitter's assassination, to take control of the cities, take control away from AS, and lastly arrest the Men in charge of the Nazi organization. If Hitler was to be assassinated, this would allow the Germ people to no longer have be held under control. Cool. Sternberg believed hi destiny was to save the German people from the awful destruction that Hitler W as creating. Although Sternberg had a family, feel that his love for his country was so strong that he was willing to sacrifice everything for the greater good o f his country.Cool. Sternberg learns how to use pencil detonators and decides to use this as means to assassinate Hitler. Sternberg was promoted and was now able to attend to military meetings that Hitler would be attending; this was the per effect opportunity for Sternberg to go through with his plan. Cool. Sternberg an his assistant Hafted set out a plan that seemed perfect. Sternberg and Ha often attended a military meeting that Hitler would also be attending. At this meeting Sternberg and his assistant had everything in place.Cool. Sternberg and Hafted enter the hut, they go in a back room to arm the explosive. After Sternberg secretly armed the device, he put the bomb in his brief case and walked in the meeting were Hitler and his associates were located. At this poi NT of the movie a was so anxious to see if the plan would really work because at HTH s point of the movie, everything was going perfectly as planned As Sternberg enters the war room, he put his briefcase underneath the table on the side closest to Hitler.Hafted goes outside to get their getaway c As Sternberg eagerly stands in the room with the bomb counting down an d his Hitler rambling on, he receives his call that was used as a distraction and ticket t to leave the premises. While Sternberg is on the phone, Hitler is once again angered and hits the table with his fist, knocking over the briefcase. One of the men in the meeting notices Steadfastness briefcase on it's side so he picks up bag and moves it to the other side of the table, which was the opposite side oHitler. As Sternberg quickly but calmly existed the building, the bomb goes off. It was very loud and created very noticeable destruction. Sternberg WA sure that the target had been eliminated. While watching the movie at this pop you have no clue what really happen to Hit ler, but figured that since there w still a lot of time in the movie, something had to have went wrong. The director r of this movie did a great job creating suspense in parts of the movie.The camp was taken by surprise and the soldiers were ordered to put everything on Lockwood and that no one gets in or out. Sternberg, Hafted and here driver are quickly exiting the camp and come to a road block with soldier there, the soldiers explain that know one is get in or out but Cool Sternberg tricks the soldier by calling people who pose as a general and stating to the soldiers that it is important that Sternberg is able to leave. Flexible calls Queries and tried to explain what happen.But there was such poor receipt that Queries couldn't fully hear what happen, he just knew that the bomb had went off and that everything went as planned. All communications were then cut off. Queries tries to explain to Albrecht what happen but Albrecht wants to now for sure that Hitler is dead before he ac tivates the operation. Quirkier realizes that if Albrecht doesn't launch Valerie, everything will be set back an out of order. So Queries took it upon himself to mobile the reserve army without Albrecht even knowing.At this point, Albrecht understood that if he didn't activate it, Sternberg would have no chance of making it out alive. Operation Valerie put Albrecht, Sternberg and Beck in charge of the reserve army and they're ordered to arrest Everyone who was apart of the An sis's and the AS. As the reserve were placing their arrests, they go to the AS quarters, once they enter the headquarters, they Find Joseph Gobbles who is the minister. The communications from the camp were back and Gobbles ca lied Hitler while soldiers were ready to make the arrest.Gobbles gave the phone to the soldier and he here's Doll hitless a voice and then realizes that Hitler is in fact still alive. When this happen I was so shocked because I didn't think they would've been able to cancel Valerie after it already being in affect. People SST at the camp had been making rumors about Hitler but Sternberg just ignore deed them and explained to everyone that the rumors were fake, The soldier report deed to Major Reamer and Reamer cancels the operation in Berlin and is ordered to arrest the men in charge of this conspiracy.Cool Sternberg here's everything that people are saying about Hitler still being alive but he doesn't think anything of it because he is sure that Hitler is dead because he saw the blast go off. The reserve and AS Officers went to the resistance headquarters and they came to arrest Queries, Albrecht, Hafted, Beck and Sternberg. They all tried to escape and get into a shootout with AS officers. Cool. Sternberg is hi t and the rest of the men are caught. General From sentenced them all to death.